The Secret to the Iron Pillar’s Enduring Life: Forge Welding and Misawite

The Iron Pillar of New Delhi’s Qutb Minar complex has stood the test of time, remaining intact for the past 1,600 years despite being exposed to sun and rain. Standing at a height of 7.2 meters and weighing 6 tons, this ancient structure can be found in the courtyard of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque in the city’s southern Mehrauli district.

Scientists have been fascinated by the durability of this iron pillar, as structures made from iron typically rust over time when exposed to air or moisture. However, experts at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Kanpur discovered that the pillar was mainly made from wrought iron with high levels of phosphorus and no sulfur or magnesium, thanks to a technique called “forge welding.”

This ancient method of construction, along with the presence of a thin layer of misawite on the surface of the pillar, has contributed to its longevity. The pillar has become a symbol of ancient Indian craftsmanship and metallurgy, showcasing the country’s ability to forge iron in ancient times.

Despite its mysterious origins and missing statue of Garuda, the mount of Lord Vishnu, this iron pillar continues to be a source of fascination for archaeologists and scientists alike. In an effort to preserve this iconic structure, India’s Archaeological Survey has built a moat around it to minimize human impact and ensure continued protection.