Japan is experiencing a sudden increase in cases of toxic shock syndrome (STSS), with the exact cause remaining unknown. STSS is a rare bacterial infection that can be fatal if left untreated, as it rapidly progresses when bacteria invade tissues and blood, posing a serious threat to the patient’s life. Symptoms include fever, muscle pain, and vomiting, with the potential for rapid deterioration leading to death.
As of June 2, the Japanese Ministry of Health has documented 977 cases of STSS this year, resulting in 77 deaths between January and March. This outbreak has surpassed the previous year’s record of 941 cases, marking the highest level since data collection began in 1999. The National Institute of Infectious Diseases reported 97 deaths from STSS last year, the second-highest number of deaths in the past six years.
Japanese authorities issued warnings about the increase in STSS cases in March after a significant rise was seen from July 2023. However, despite these findings, the reason for the surge in STSS cases this year remains unclear. Professor Ken Kikuchi from Tokyo Women’s Medical University suggests that regular exposure to bacteria boosts immunity but disruption caused by Covid-19 has led to an increase in illnesses like STSS.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that up to 3 out of 10 people with STSS die from the infection. While most cases are caused by group A streptococcus (GAS), rare cases can lead to severe illnesses like toxic shock or necrotizing fasciitis, which can result in limb loss. Invasive group A streptococcal infections have been largely contained by Covid-19 control measures such as mask-wearing and social distancing; however following relaxation of these measures many countries have reported an increase in such cases.
In conclusion, while there is no clear cause for Japan’s sudden increase in toxic shock syndrome cases this year, experts suggest that disruption caused by Covid-19 could be contributing to an increase in illnesses like STSS. It is important for individuals to stay vigilant about their health and seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms associated with STSS or other bacterial infections.
